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Structuralism (biology)
Biological or process structuralism is a school of biological thought that deals with the law-like behaviour of the structure of organisms and how it can change.〔For an overview of biological structuralism see Brian Goodwin, ”Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm: Understanding Biological Forms,” in ''Evolution: The First Four Billion Years'', eds. Michael Ruse and Joseph Travis (Harvard University Press, 2009)〕
Structuralists tend to emphasise that organisms are wholes, and therefore that change in one part must necessarily take into account the inter-connected nature of the entire organism. Whilst structuralists are not necessarily anti-Darwinian, the laws of biological structure are viewed as independent and ahistorical accounts that are not necessarily tied to any particular mechanism of change. A structuralist might thus hold that Darwinian natural selection might be the driving force behind how structures change, but nevertheless be committed to an extra layer of explanation of how particular structures come into being and are maintained.
Typical structuralist concerns might be self-organisation, the idea that complex structure emerges from the dynamic interaction of molecules, without the resultant structure having necessarily been selected for in all its details. For example, the patterning of fingerprints or the stripes of zebras might emerge through simple rules of diffusion, and the resulting unique structure need not have been selected for in its finest details. Structuralists look for very general rules that govern organisms as a whole, and not just particular narratives that explain the origin or maintenance of particular structures. The interplay between structural laws and adaptation thus govern the degree to which an adaptationist account can fully explain why a particular organism looks as it does.
==Structuralism and boundary conditions==
Given the above account, a fruitful way of thinking about structuralism is as an attempt to provide a set of boundary conditions, governed by the physical, mechanical and chemical nature of matter, within which all types of biological change, including Darwinian evolution, must take place. These boundary conditions exist at a variety of levels of organisation. For example, dynamic molecular interactions might provide boundary conditions to various types of pattern formation; or the analysis of functional morphology might explain why certain structures (e.g. the vertebrate backbone) have remained relatively stable for tens or hundreds of millions of years. Typically, structuralism is anti-reductionist, in that these different levels of explanation cannot always be reduced to lower ones. For example, a structuralist might agree with the classical view of the Neodarwinian synthesis that changes in gene fequencies in populations lie behind all evolutionary change, but would argue that, in addition, other rules governing how structures change are required to come to a full account of how diversity comes about.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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